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complete victory

  • 1 complete victory

    Politics english-russian dictionary > complete victory

  • 2 final and complete victory

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > final and complete victory

  • 3 victory

    n

    to achieve a victory over smbдобиваться победы над кем-л.; одерживать победу над кем-л.

    to attribute smb's victory to smthобъяснять чью-л. победу чем-л.

    to be heading / to be on course for / to a landslide victory — идти к убедительной победе ( на выборах)

    to bring smb victory — приносить кому-л. победу

    to claim victory — объявлять / заявлять о своей победе (на выборах и т.п.)

    to cluck / to cry over smb's victory — трубить о чьей-л. победе

    to concede victory to smbпризнавать чью-л. победу

    to consolidate one's victory — закреплять свою победу

    to gain a victory — побеждать; одерживать победу

    to give smb an emphatic victory — позволять кому-л. одержать убедительную победу

    to head for / towards victory — идти к победе

    to reap the benefits / fruits of the victory — пожинать плоды победы

    to support smb towards electoral victory — поддерживать кого-л. в достижении победы на выборах

    to sweep smb to victory — приводить кого-л. к победе значительным большинством голосов

    to trumpet smth a great victory — раструбить о чем-л. как о великой победе

    to win a victory — побеждать, одерживать победу

    - architect of the victory
    - big victory
    - catalyst for smb's victory
    - clear-cut victory
    - comfortable victory
    - complete victory
    - convincing victory
    - crushing victory
    - decisive victory
    - electoral victory
    - emphatic victory
    - epoch-making victory
    - facile victory
    - final victory
    - firm victory
    - flashy victory
    - glorious victory
    - guerilla victory
    - handsome victory
    - he is 11.000 votes short of victory
    - he's headed for a crushing victory
    - he's headed for a massive victory
    - historic victory
    - hollow victory for smb
    - ideological victory
    - landslide victory
    - major victory
    - military victory over smb
    - moral victory
    - narrow victory
    - overwhelming victory
    - political victory
    - pyrrhic victory
    - resounding victory
    - rightful victory
    - sweeping victory
    - swift victory
    - the margin of the victory was small
    - the odds favor a victory for smb
    - victory for smb
    - victory goes to smb
    - victory in battle
    - victory in elections
    - victory over smb is now close at hand
    - victory over smb
    - victory was assured
    - victory was short-lived

    Politics english-russian dictionary > victory

  • 4 complete

    A adj
    1 (total, utter) ( épith) [abolition, chaos, darkness, freedom, rejection] complet/-ète, total ; he's a complete fool il est complètement idiot ; it's the complete opposite c'est tout à fait le contraire ; with complete accuracy/confidence avec une précision/confiance totale ; complete and utter [despair, disaster] total ; it's complete and utter rubbish c'est complètement absurde ;
    2 ( finished) achevé ; far from/not yet complete loin d'être/pas encore achevé ;
    3 (entire, full) [collection, edition, works, record, set] complet/-ète ; complete with avec ; complete with batteries/instructions avec piles/mode d'emploi ; to make my happiness complete pour que rien ne manque à mon bonheur ;
    4 ( consummate) [artist, star] complet/-ète ; [gentleman, sportsman] parfait (before n).
    B vtr
    1 ( finish) terminer [building, investigation, degree course, exercise] ; achever [task, journey] ; to complete a jail sentence finir de purger une peine ;
    2 ( make whole) compléter [collection, trilogy, group, victory, grand slam] ; compléter [outfit] ; compléter [quotation, phrase] ; to complete an outfit with a beret mettre un beret pour compléter une tenue ;
    3 ( fill in) remplir [form, questionnaire].
    C completed pp adj [creation, project] achevé ; the recently/newly completed office building les bureaux terminés récemment/depuis peu ; half completed inachevé.

    Big English-French dictionary > complete

  • 5 complete

    1. adjective
    1) vollständig; (in number) vollzählig; komplett
    2) (finished) fertig; abgeschlossen [Arbeit]
    3) (absolute) völlig; total, komplett [Idiot, Reinfall, Ignoranz]; absolut [Chaos, Katastrophe]; vollkommen [Ruhe]; total, (ugs.) blutig [Anfänger, Amateur]
    2. transitive verb
    1) (finish) beenden; fertig stellen [Gebäude, Arbeit]; abschließen [Vertrag]
    2) (make whole) vervollkommnen, vollkommen machen [Glück]; vervollständigen [Sammlung]
    3) (make whole amount of) vollzählig machen
    4) ausfüllen [Fragebogen, Formular]
    * * *
    [kəm'pli:t] 1. adjective
    1) (whole; with nothing missing: a complete set of Shakespeare's plays.) vollständig
    2) (thorough: My car needs a complete overhaul; a complete surprise.) völlig
    3) (finished: My picture will soon be complete.) fertig
    2. verb
    (to finish; to make complete: When will he complete the job?; This stamp completes my collection.) vervollständigen
    - academic.ru/85581/completely">completely
    - completeness
    - completion
    * * *
    com·plete
    [kəmˈpli:t]
    I. vt
    to \complete sth
    1. (add what is missing) collection, set etw vervollständigen; form, questionnaire etw [vollständig] ausfüllen
    all she needed to \complete her happiness was a baby alles, was ihr zu ihrem Glück noch fehlte, war ein Baby
    2. (finish) etw fertigstellen [o zu Ende bringen]
    to \complete a conveyance LAW eine Eigentumsübertragung abschließen
    to \complete a course einen Kurs absolvieren
    to \complete one's studies sein Studium zu Ende bringen
    II. adj
    1. (with nothing missing) vollständig, komplett
    a \complete set ein vollständiges Set
    the \complete works of Shakespeare Shakespeares gesammelte Werke
    sun, sand and romance — their holiday was \complete Sonne, Sand, Romantik — ihr Urlaub war vollkommen
    2. pred (finished) book fertig
    \complete with inklusive
    \complete with batteries inklusive Batterien
    4. attr (total) absolut, komplett
    the man's a \complete fool! der Mann ist ein Vollidiot! fam
    it was a \complete surprise es war eine völlige Überraschung
    \complete blank völlige Leere
    \complete breakdown totaler Zusammenbruch
    \complete coverage (in insurance) volle Deckung [o Risikoübernahme]
    in \complete darkness in völliger Dunkelheit
    the \complete gentleman der perfekte Gentleman
    \complete mastery vollkommene Beherrschung
    \complete paralysis vollständige Lähmung
    \complete protein vollwertiges Eiweiß
    \complete silence absolute Stille
    a \complete stranger ein völlig Fremder/eine völlig Fremde
    \complete and utter total fam
    * * *
    [kəm'pliːt]
    1. adj
    1) (= entire, whole) ganz attr; set also, wardrobe, deck of cards vollständig, komplett; (= having the required numbers) vollzählig; edition Gesamt-

    my happiness/disappointment was complete —

    the complete works of Shakespearedie gesammelten Werke Shakespeares

    no classical collection is complete without Beethoven's ninth symphony —

    2) attr (= total, absolute) völlig; failure, beginner, disaster, flop also, victory total; surprise, shambles also komplett; satisfaction also, approval voll

    we were complete strangers —

    3) (= finished) fertig

    his novel is not yet complete —

    4)

    he came complete with rucksack and bootser erschien komplett ausgerüstet mit Rucksack und Stiefeln

    5) sportsman, gardener etc perfekt
    2. vt
    1) (= make whole) collection, set vervollständigen, komplettieren; team vollzählig machen; education, meal abrunden
    2) (fig) happiness vollkommen machen

    and to complete their misery... — und zu allem Unglück...

    3) (= finish) beenden, abschließen, zum Abschluss or zu Ende bringen; building, work fertigstellen; prison sentence verbüßen
    4) form, questionnaire ausfüllen
    * * *
    complete [kəmˈpliːt]
    A adj (adv completely)
    1. komplett, vollständig, vollkommen, völlig, ganz, total:
    complete beginner blutiger Anfänger;
    complete combustion vollständige Verbrennung;
    complete defeat vollständige Niederlage;
    complete edition Gesamtausgabe f;
    complete outfit komplette Ausstattung;
    he is a complete stranger to me er ist mir völlig unbekannt;
    it was a complete surprise to me es war oder kam für mich völlig überraschend;
    complete with (mit)samt, komplett mit;
    completely unthinkable völlig undenkbar
    2. vollzählig, komplett
    3. beendet, vollendet, fertig
    4. vollkommen, perfekt (Gastgeberin etc)
    B v/t
    1. vervollständigen, ergänzen
    2. vollenden, abschließen, beendigen, fertigstellen:
    complete a contract einen Vertrag erfüllen;
    complete one’s sentence JUR seine Strafe verbüßen;
    complete one’s studies sein Studium absolvieren
    3. fig vollenden, vervollkommnen:
    that completed his happiness das machte sein Glück vollkommen
    4. ein Formular ausfüllen
    comp. abk
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) vollständig; (in number) vollzählig; komplett
    2) (finished) fertig; abgeschlossen [Arbeit]
    3) (absolute) völlig; total, komplett [Idiot, Reinfall, Ignoranz]; absolut [Chaos, Katastrophe]; vollkommen [Ruhe]; total, (ugs.) blutig [Anfänger, Amateur]
    2. transitive verb
    1) (finish) beenden; fertig stellen [Gebäude, Arbeit]; abschließen [Vertrag]
    2) (make whole) vervollkommnen, vollkommen machen [Glück]; vervollständigen [Sammlung]
    3) (make whole amount of) vollzählig machen
    4) ausfüllen [Fragebogen, Formular]
    * * *
    adj.
    komplett adj.
    lückenlos adj.
    vollständig (Mathematik) adj.
    vollständig adj.
    völlig adj. v.
    ergänzen v.
    fertigstellen v.
    komplettieren v.
    vervollständigen v.
    vollenden v.

    English-german dictionary > complete

  • 6 (a) great victory

    a (an) great (complete, easy/cheap) victory большая (полная, лёгкая) победа

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > (a) great victory

  • 7 полный

    прил.
    1) (кого-л./чего-л.;
    кем-л./чем-л.;
    наполненный) full (of) ;
    packed;
    crowded полная тарелка чего-л. ≈ a plateful of smth. полный новостей ≈ big with news полная корзинаbasketful полные носилки ≈ (чего-л.) barrow( with) полный зал ≈ full/packed house полный подол ≈ (чего-л.) skirtful (of)
    2) (целый) complete, total;
    clear;
    integrate полное собрание сочинений ≈ complete works мн. полный комплектcomplete set
    3) absolute, direct, profound, stark (абсолютный) ;
    perfect, outright, out-and-out, dead, entire, thorough (совершенный) выражать полное одобрение( кому-л./чему-л.) ≈ to express full approval (of/for) в состоянии полного безумия ≈ stark/raving mad полный упадок силbreakdown полное ничтожество ≈ complete nonentity полный покой ≈ absolute rest в полной безопасности ≈ in perfect security полное разорениеutter ruin в полном восторгеlost in admiration полная проводимостьadmittance в полном одиночествеall alone полный порядокapplepie order полное отчаяниеblank despair полная неожиданность ≈ bolt from the blue
    4) (тучный) stout;
    chubby, corpulent, fubsy, full, full-bodied, full-length, portly, rotund, round, in flesh;
    plump( о ребенке, женщине) ;
    buxom, crummy( о женщине) ∙ жить полной жизнью ≈ to live a full life идти полным ходом ≈ to be in full swing полная луна полным голосом в полной мере
    полн|ый -
    1. (наполненный) full;
    (набитый тж.) packed;
    улицы ~ы народу the streets are crowded, the streets are full of people;
    ящик полон книг (книгами) the box is full of books;

    2. (исчерпывающий, доведённый до конца) complete;
    ~ое собрание сочинений complete works рl. ;
    ~ая победа complete victory;
    ~ отчёт complete account;
    ~ износ wear out;
    ~ срок кредита фин. full term of credit;
    ~ кадр кино full frame;
    ~ видеосигнал composite video signal;
    ~ формат кино full format;
    ~ая ёмкость (в информатике) unformatted capacity;

    3. (тучный) stout, plump;
    ~ое затмение total eclipse;
    в ~ом цвету in full bloom/blossom;
    в ~ом порядке in good/perfect order;
    ~ая луна full moon;
    ~ое невежество utter ignorance;
    ~ая тишина absolute stillness;
    у них дом - ~ая чаша they live in plenty.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > полный

  • 8 be on the agenda

    быть актуальным, стоять на повестке дня

    The complete victory of the Negro national liberation movement is on the agenda of history. (W. Foster, ‘The Negro People in American History’, ch. 50) — Полная победа национально-освободительного движения негритянского народа стоит на повестке дня истории.

    ‘What's on the agenda for tonight?’ he asked the others. ‘There's a good hockey game on over at Indianapolis.’ (J. Jones, ‘Some Came Running’, book 1, ch. II) — - Какие планы на сегодняшний вечер? - спросил он приятелей. - В Индианаполисе интересный хоккейный матч.

    Holidays are on the agenda for most of us during the next few weeks... — Многие уходят в отпуск в ближайшие недели.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > be on the agenda

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 10 seal

    I
    1. si:l noun
    1) (a piece of wax or other material bearing a design, attached to a document to show that it is genuine and legal.) sello
    2) (a piece of wax etc used to seal a parcel etc.) lacre
    3) ((something that makes) a complete closure or covering: Paint and varnish act as protective seals for woodwork.) cierre hermético

    2. verb
    1) (to mark with a seal: The document was signed and sealed.) sellar
    2) ((negative unseal) to close completely: He licked and sealed the envelope; All the air is removed from a can of food before it is sealed.) cerrar herméticamente
    3) (to settle or decide: This mistake sealed his fate.) sellar, concluir
    - seal of approval
    - seal off
    - set one's seal to

    II si:l noun
    (any of several types of sea animal, some furry, living partly on land.) foca
    seal n foca
    tr[siːl]
    1 SMALLZOOLOGY/SMALL foca
    1 cazar focas
    ————————
    tr[siːl]
    2 (on letter) sello; (on bottle etc) precinto; (airtight) cierre nombre masculino hermético; (on window, door) burlete nombre masculino
    1 (with offical stamp) sellar; (with wax) lacrar, sellar con lacre
    2 (close) cerrar; (bottle etc) precintar; (make airtight) cerrar herméticamente; (window, door) sellar, poner burletes a
    3 (coat with sealant) sellar, impermeabilizar
    4 (settle, make formal) sellar, concluir
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to give one's seal of approval to something aprobar algo, dar su aprobación a algo, dar el visto bueno a algo
    to seal somebody's fate decidir el destino de alguien
    to set the seal on something (complete) culminar algo, ratificar algo
    seal ['si:l] vt
    1) close: sellar, cerrar
    to seal a letter: cerrar una carta
    to seal an agreement: sellar un acuerdo
    2)
    to seal up : tapar, rellenar (una grieta, etc.)
    seal n
    1) : foca f (animal)
    2) : sello m
    seal of approval: sello de aprobación
    3) closure: cierre m, precinto m
    n.
    estampilla s.f.
    firma s.f.
    foca s.f.
    selladura s.f.
    sello s.m.
    timbre s.m.
    v.
    cerrar v.
    estampar v.
    lacrar v.
    precintar v.
    sellar v.

    I siːl
    1) c (implement, impression) sello m

    to set the seal on somethingratificar* algo

    2) c
    a) ( security device) precinto m
    b) ( airtight closure) cierre m hermético; ( on glass jar) aro m de goma
    3) ( Zool)
    a) c ( animal) foca f
    b) u ( skin) (piel f de) foca f

    II
    1)
    a) \<\<envelope/parcel\>\> cerrar*; ( with tape) precintar; ( with wax) lacrar

    my lips are sealed — (set phrase) soy una tumba, prometo no decir nada

    b) \<\<jar/container\>\> cerrar* herméticamente; \<\<tomb/door\>\> precintar; \<\<wood\>\> sellar
    2) ( affix seal to) \<\<documenteaty\>\> sellar

    signed, sealed and delivered — firmado y sellado

    3) (decide, determine) \<\<victory/outcome\>\> decidir
    Phrasal Verbs:

    I [siːl]
    1.
    N (Zool) foca f
    2.
    VI
    3.
    CPD

    seal cull, seal culling Nmatanza f (selectiva) de focas


    II [siːl]
    1. N
    1) (=official stamp) sello m

    the papal/presidential seal — el sello papal/presidencial

    they have given their seal of approval to the proposed reforms — han dado el visto bueno a or han aprobado las reformas que se planean

    seal of qualitysello or marchamo m de calidad

    this set the seal on their friendship/on her humiliation — esto selló su amistad/remató su humillación

    under my hand and seal — frm firmado y sellado por mí

    2) [of envelope, parcel, exterior of bottle, jar] precinto m ; (inside lid of jar) aro m de goma; (on fridge door) cierre m de goma; (on door, window) burlete m
    3) (Rel)
    2. VT
    1) (=close) [+ envelope] cerrar; [+ package, coffin] precintar; [+ border] cerrar
    lip 1., 1), sign 2., 1)
    2) (=stop up, make airtight) [+ container] tapar or cerrar herméticamente; [+ surface] sellar
    3) (=enclose)

    to seal sth in sth, seal the letter in a blank envelope — mete la carta en un sobre en blanco y ciérralo

    4) (fig) (=confirm) [+ bargain, deal] sellar; [+ victory] decidir; [+ sb's fate] decidir, determinar

    that goal sealed the matchese gol decidió or determinó el resultado del partido

    5) (Culin) [+ meat] sofreír a fuego vivo (para que no pierda el jugo)
    * * *

    I [siːl]
    1) c (implement, impression) sello m

    to set the seal on somethingratificar* algo

    2) c
    a) ( security device) precinto m
    b) ( airtight closure) cierre m hermético; ( on glass jar) aro m de goma
    3) ( Zool)
    a) c ( animal) foca f
    b) u ( skin) (piel f de) foca f

    II
    1)
    a) \<\<envelope/parcel\>\> cerrar*; ( with tape) precintar; ( with wax) lacrar

    my lips are sealed — (set phrase) soy una tumba, prometo no decir nada

    b) \<\<jar/container\>\> cerrar* herméticamente; \<\<tomb/door\>\> precintar; \<\<wood\>\> sellar
    2) ( affix seal to) \<\<document/treaty\>\> sellar

    signed, sealed and delivered — firmado y sellado

    3) (decide, determine) \<\<victory/outcome\>\> decidir
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > seal

  • 11 outright

    1.
    adverb
    1) (honestly: I told him outright what I thought.) francamente
    2) (immediately: He was killed outright.) de inmediato, en el acto

    2.
    adjective
    (without any exception or doubt: He is the outright winner.) absoluto
    tr[' (adj) aʊtraɪt; (adv) aʊt'raɪt]
    1 (total - gen) absoluto,-a, total; (- refusal, denial) rotundo,-a, total, categórico,-a; (- winner, victory, loser) indiscutible; (majority) absoluto,-a
    2 (direct - attack) declarado,-a, abierto,-a; (- lie) descarado,-a
    1 (completely - refuse) rotundamente, categóricamente, terminantemente; (ban) totalmente, terminantemente; (win) indiscutiblemente
    2 (directly - ask, say) directamente, abiertamente, sin reserva
    3 (instantly) en el acto
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to buy something outright comprar algo en su totalidad
    outright [.aʊt'raɪt] adv
    1) completely: por completo, totalmente
    to sell outright: vender por completo
    he refused it outright: lo rechazó rotundamente
    2) directly: directamente, sin reserva
    3) instantly: al instante, en el acto
    outright ['aʊt.raɪt] adj
    1) complete: completo, absoluto, categórico
    an outright lie: una mentira absoluta
    2) : sin reservas
    an outright gift: un regalo sin reservas
    adj.
    franco, -a adj.
    puro, -a adj.
    sincero, -a adj.
    adv.
    de una vez adv.
    enteramente adv.
    sin rodeos adv.

    I 'aʊtraɪt
    adjective (before n) <refusal/opposition> rotundo, total, categórico; < hostility> declarado, abierto; < majority> claro; < winner> indiscutido; < lie> descarado

    II
    a) ( completely) <refuse/reject> rotundamente, categóricamente, terminantemente; < ban> totalmente; < win> indiscutiblemente
    b) (directly, frankly) <ask/say> abiertamente, directamente
    c) ( instantly) < kill> en el acto
    [aʊt'raɪt]
    1. ADJ
    1) (=complete) [failure] completo, total; [winner, victory] absoluto; [lie] descarado; [owner] absoluto (sin hipotecas) ; [refusal, rejection] rotundo, absoluto
    2) (=open, forthright) franco; [rudeness, hostility] abierto, franco; [contempt, scorn] declarado; [compliment] sin ambages
    2. ADV
    1) (=completely) [own] en su totalidad; [win] de manera absoluta; [refuse, reject] rotundamente, de pleno
    2) (=openly, forthrightly) abiertamente, francamente

    why don't you tell her outright? — ¿por qué no se lo dices abiertamente or francamente?

    * * *

    I ['aʊtraɪt]
    adjective (before n) <refusal/opposition> rotundo, total, categórico; < hostility> declarado, abierto; < majority> claro; < winner> indiscutido; < lie> descarado

    II
    a) ( completely) <refuse/reject> rotundamente, categóricamente, terminantemente; < ban> totalmente; < win> indiscutiblemente
    b) (directly, frankly) <ask/say> abiertamente, directamente
    c) ( instantly) < kill> en el acto

    English-spanish dictionary > outright

  • 12 resounding

    1) (loud: resounding cheers.) bragende
    2) (very great; complete: a resounding victory/success.) bragende
    * * *
    1) (loud: resounding cheers.) bragende
    2) (very great; complete: a resounding victory/success.) bragende

    English-Danish dictionary > resounding

  • 13 clear

    1. adjective
    1) klar; rein [Haut, Teint]
    2) (distinct) scharf [Bild, Foto, Umriss]; deutlich [Abbild]; klar [Ton]; klar verständlich [Wort]
    3) (obvious, unambiguous) klar [Aussage, Vorteil, Vorsprung, Mehrheit, Sieg, Fall]

    make oneself clearsich deutlich od. klar [genug] ausdrücken

    make it clear [to somebody] that... — [jemandem] klar und deutlich sagen, dass...

    4) (free) frei; (Horse-riding) fehlerfrei [Runde]

    be clear of suspicionnicht unter Verdacht stehen

    we're in the clear(free of suspicion) auf uns fällt kein Verdacht; (free of trouble) wir haben es geschafft

    three clear days/lines — drei volle od. volle drei Tage/Zeilen

    6) (open, unobstructed) frei

    keep something clear(not block) etwas frei halten

    all clear(one will not be detected) die Luft ist rein (ugs.); see also academic.ru/94374/all-clear">all-clear

    the way is [now] clear [for somebody] to do something — (fig.) es steht [jemandem] nichts [mehr] im Wege, etwas zu tun

    7) (discerning) klar

    keep a clear headeinen klaren od. kühlen Kopf bewahren

    be clear [on or about something] — sich (Dat.) [über etwas (Akk.)] im klaren sein

    2. adverb

    keep clear of something/somebody — etwas/jemanden meiden

    ‘keep clear’ — (don't approach) "Vorsicht [Zug usw.]"

    please stand or keep clear of the door — bitte von der Tür zurücktreten

    the driver was pulled clear of the wreckageman zog den Fahrer aus dem Wrack seines Wagens

    3. transitive verb
    1) (make clear) klären [Flüssigkeit]

    clear the air — lüften; (fig.) die Atmosphäre reinigen

    2) (free from obstruction) räumen [Straße]; abräumen [Regal, Schreibtisch]; freimachen [Abfluss, Kanal]

    clear the streets of snowden Schnee von den Straßen räumen

    clear a space for somebody/something — für jemanden/etwas Platz machen

    clear one's throat — sich räuspern; see also deck 1. 1); way 1. 6)

    3) (make empty) räumen; leeren [Briefkasten]
    4) (remove) wegräumen; beheben [Verstopfung]
    5) (pass over without touching) nehmen [Hindernis]; überspringen [Latte]
    6) (show to be innocent) freisprechen

    clear oneselfseine Unschuld beweisen

    7) (declare fit to have secret information) für unbedenklich erklären
    8) (get permission for)

    clear something with somebody — etwas von jemandem genehmigen lassen; (give permission for)

    clear a plane for take-off/landing — einem Flugzeug Start-/Landeerlaubnis erteilen

    9) (at customs)
    10) (pay off) begleichen [Schuld]
    4. intransitive verb
    1) (become clear) klar werden; sich klären; [Wetter, Himmel:] sich aufheitern; (fig.) [Gesicht:] sich aufhellen
    2) (disperse) [Nebel:] sich verziehen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    [kliə] 1. adjective
    1) (easy to see through; transparent: clear glass.) klar
    2) (free from mist or cloud: Isn't the sky clear!) klar
    3) (easy to see, hear or understand: a clear explanation; The details on that photograph are very clear.) deutlich
    4) (free from difficulty or obstacles: a clear road ahead.) frei
    5) (free from guilt etc: a clear conscience.) rein
    6) (free from doubt etc: Are you quite clear about what I mean?) sicher
    7) ((often with of) without (risk of) being touched, caught etc: Is the ship clear of the rocks? clear of danger.) frei
    8) ((often with of) free: clear of debt; clear of all infection.) frei
    2. verb
    1) (to make or become free from obstacles etc: He cleared the table; I cleared my throat; He cleared the path of debris.) reinigen
    2) ((often with of) to prove the innocence of; to declare to be innocent: He was cleared of all charges.) freisprechen
    3) ((of the sky etc) to become bright, free from cloud etc.) sich aufklären
    4) (to get over or past something without touching it: He cleared the jump easily.) knapp vorbeikommen
    - clearance
    - clearing
    - clearly
    - clearness
    - clear-cut
    - clearway
    - clear off
    - clear out
    - clear up
    - in the clear
    * * *
    [klɪəʳ, AM klɪr]
    1. (understandable) definition, description, message klar; explanation, description also verständlich; (definite) impression, similarity eindeutig; (distinct) statement, stage klar, deutlich; signs deutlich
    he wasn't very \clear er hat sich nicht sonderlich klar ausgedrückt
    \clear instructions klare Anweisungen
    to have \clear memories of sth ( fig) sich akk deutlich an etw akk erinnern können
    a \clear picture ein scharfes Bild
    to have a \clear perception of sth klare Vorstellungen von etw dat haben
    to have a \clear understanding of sth ein klares Verständnis einer Sache haben
    to make oneself \clear sich akk deutlich [o klar] ausdrücken
    as \clear as a bell glockenhell, glockenrein
    [as] \clear as day eindeutig, unmissverständlich
    2. (obvious) klar, sicher
    is that \clear? ist das klar?
    it's \clear [to me] that... es ist [mir] klar, dass...
    they have made it \clear that... sie haben es unmissverständlich klargemacht, dass...
    Richard isn't at all \clear about what... Richard ist sich nicht im Mindesten darüber im Klaren, was...
    it's not \clear whether... es ist nicht klar, ob...
    he's a \clear favourite er ist ein klarer Favorit
    he's got a \clear lead er führt eindeutig
    a \clear case of... ein klarer Fall von...
    a \clear majority eine klare Mehrheit
    to be \clear that... sich dat sicher sein, dass...
    to be \clear about sth sich dat über etw akk im Klaren sein
    to get \clear about sth sich dat über etw akk klarwerden
    to make one's position \clear seine Haltung deutlich machen
    to make oneself \clear [to sb] sich akk [jdm] verständlich machen
    to make sth \clear [to sb] etw [jdm gegenüber] klar zum Ausdruck bringen
    do I make myself \clear? habe ich mich klar ausgedrückt?
    as \clear as day sonnenklar
    3. usu attr (unconfused) klar
    to keep a \clear head einen klaren Kopf bewahren
    a \clear thinker jd, der klar denken kann
    to be \clear of sth:
    she's \clear of all suspicion sie ist frei von jeglichem Verdacht; (guilt-free)
    to have a \clear conscience ein reines Gewissen haben
    5. (unobstructed) passage, path frei; throat unbelegt; (complete) ganz, voll; ( fig)
    could you see your way \clear to lending me some money? könntest du mir eventuell etwas Geld leihen?
    a \clear view ein freier Blick, eine ungehinderte Aussicht
    6. (transparent) glass durchsichtig; water, soup klar
    as \clear as crystal kristallklar
    that's as \clear as mud da blickt man gar nicht durch
    7. (pure)
    \clear complexion/skin reiner Teint/reine Haut
    a \clear sound ein klarer Ton
    8. (bright, shining) of colours, eyes leuchtend
    9. (of weather, atmosphere) sky, day, night, air klar
    \clear weather heiteres Wetter
    10. inv (net) rein, netto
    a \clear profit ein Reingewinn m
    \clear jump fehlerfreier Sprung
    12. inv (away from)
    the gate must be \clear of the ground das Tor darf den Boden nicht berühren
    ... one wheel \clear of the ground... ein Rad ragte in die Luft
    wait till we're \clear of the main road... warte, bis wir die Hauptstraße verlassen haben
    to keep [or stay] [or steer] \clear of sb/sth sich akk von jdm/etw fernhalten
    13.
    all \clear die Luft ist rein
    the coast is \clear die Luft ist rein fam
    out of a \clear sky aus heiterem Himmel
    II. NOUN
    to be in the \clear außer Verdacht sein
    III. ADVERB
    he jumped two centimetres \clear of the bar er sprang mit einem Abstand von zwei Zentimetern über die Leiste
    please move \clear of the edge of the platform bitte von der Bahnsteigkante zurücktreten
    make sure you park \clear of the kerb pass auf, dass du nicht zu nah am Randstein parkst
    stand \clear of the doors (in underground) bitte zurückbleiben; (at train station) Türe schließen selbsttätig — Vorsicht bei der Abfahrt
    to steer \clear of sth NAUT um etw herumsteuern
    to steer \clear of sb jdn meiden
    to steer \clear of a place um etw einen großen Bogen machen
    to stand \clear [of sth] (by moving to the side) zur Seite gehen; (by moving back) zurückbleiben; (remain in a distance) von etw dat entfernt bleiben
    to be thrown \clear of sth aus etw dat herausgeschleudert werden
    to get \clear of sth etw hinter sich dat lassen
    to be \clear of sth etw hinter sich dat gelassen haben
    to see \clear klar sehen
    loud and \clear klar und deutlich
    they got \clear away sie haben sich aus dem Staub gemacht
    to \clear sth etw klären
    2. (remove confusion)
    to \clear one's head einen klaren Kopf bekommen
    to \clear sth etw beseitigen; land, snow etw räumen
    to \clear the road die Straße frei machen [o räumen]
    to \clear sth from [or off] sth etw von etw dat wegräumen
    to \clear one's throat sich akk räuspern
    to \clear the way for sb to do sth es jdm ermöglichen, etw zu tun
    4. (remove blemish)
    to \clear sth etw reinigen
    to \clear the air (remove dirt) die Luft reinigen; (remove bad feeling) die Atmosphäre reinigen
    to \clear sth (of things) etw ausräumen
    they \cleared the building in 3 minutes sie räumten das Gebäude in 3 Minuten
    to \clear the table den Tisch abräumen
    6. (acquit)
    to \clear sb of charges LAW jdn freisprechen
    to \clear sb of a crime LAW jdn eines Verbrechens freisprechen
    to \clear sb's name jds Namen reinwaschen
    7. (complete work)
    to \clear sth etw erledigen
    8. FIN
    Bill \clears $200 a week Bill macht 200 Dollar die Woche fam
    to \clear a cheque einen Scheck freigeben, bestätigen, dass ein Scheck gedeckt ist
    to \clear one's debts seine Schulden begleichen
    to \clear a certain sum eine bestimmte Summe freigeben geh
    to \clear sth über etw akk springen
    10. (approve)
    you'll have to \clear that with the boss das müssen Sie mit dem Chef klären
    11. (give official permission)
    to \clear sth etw genehmigen
    to \clear a plane for take-off ein Flugzeug zum Start freigeben
    to \clear sth with sb etw mit jdm abklären
    to \clear sb to do sth jdm genehmigen, etw zu tun
    to \clear customs Zollformalitäten erledigen
    12. (in football)
    to \clear the ball klären
    to \clear the ball with one's head mit einem Kopfball klären
    13.
    to \clear the decks ( fam) klar Schiff machen fam
    1. (delete) löschen
    2. (become transparent) sich akk klären
    3. (become free of blemish) sich akk reinigen
    4. (weather) sich akk [auf]klären
    it's \clearing up es klart auf, es wird klar; fog, smoke sich akk auflösen; (go, disappear)
    to \clear [away] verschwinden
    5. FIN einen Scheck freigeben
    * * *
    clear [klıə(r)]
    A adj (adv clearly)
    1. klar, hell (Augen, Licht, Tag etc):
    (as) clear as mud umg klar wie Kloßbrühe
    2. a) klar, durchsichtig, rein: crystal A 1, varnish A 2
    b) deutlich, scharf (Foto, Konturen etc)
    3. klar, heiter (Himmel, Wetter): sky A 1
    4. rein, flecken-, makellos (Haut etc)
    5. klar, rein, hell (Stimme): bell1 A 1
    6. fig klar, hell, scharf:
    a clear head ein klarer oder heller Kopf
    7. klar, unvermischt:
    clear soup GASTR klare Suppe
    8. Funk etc: unverschlüsselt:
    clear text C 1
    9. übersichtlich, klar (Design etc)
    10. klar, verständlich, deutlich:
    make sth clear (to sb) (jemandem) etwas klarmachen oder verständlich machen;
    make it clear that … klipp und klar sagen, dass …;
    make o.s. clear sich deutlich oder klar (genug) ausdrücken
    11. klar, offensichtlich:
    a clear victory SPORT etc ein klarer Sieg;
    gain a clear win over SPORT etc jemanden klar schlagen;
    have a clear lead SPORT etc klar in Führung liegen;
    be clear about sich im Klaren sein über (akk);
    for no clear reason ohne ersichtlichen Grund
    12. klar:
    a) sicher
    b) in Ordnung:
    all clear alles klar; die Luft ist rein umg
    13. frei (of von), unbehindert, offen:
    clear road freie Straße;
    clear of snow schneefrei;
    put sb clear SPORT jemanden freispielen; coast A 1
    14. (of) frei (von Schulden etc), unbelastet (von):
    clear of debt schuldenfrei;
    clear title einwandfreier Rechtstitel;
    a clear conscience ein reines Gewissen
    15. WIRTSCH netto, Netto…, Rein…:
    clear gain ( oder profit) Reingewinn m;
    clear loss Nettoverlust m, reiner Verlust
    16. glatt, voll, ganz:
    a clear 10 minutes volle 10 Minuten
    17. TECH licht (Höhe etc)
    B adv
    1. hell, klar
    2. klar, deutlich:
    3. umg völlig, ganz, glatt:
    jump clear over the fence glatt über den Zaun springen
    4. frei, los, weg ( alle:
    of von):
    keep clear of sich fernhalten von, meiden (akk);
    be clear of sth etwas los sein;
    get clear of loskommen von;
    finish well clear of SPORT etc mit klarem oder deutlichem Vorsprung gewinnen vor (dat);
    jump clear wegspringen, sich durch einen Sprung retten;
    see one’s way clear freie Bahn haben; stand B 6, steer1 B 1
    5. go clear (Springreiten) fehlerfrei oder ohne Abwurf bleiben
    C s
    1. freier Raum:
    a) frei, SPORT frei stehend,
    b) fig aus der Sache heraus, besonders vom Verdacht gereinigt
    2. Funk etc: Klartext m:
    in the clear im Klartext
    D v/t
    1. oft clear away wegräumen, -schaffen ( beide:
    from von), das Geschirr abräumen:
    he cleared the thoughts from his mind er verscheuchte die Gedanken
    2. eine Straße etc frei machen, einen Saal etc, WIRTSCH auch ein (Waren)Lager räumen: head Bes Redew
    3. den Tisch abräumen, abdecken: table A 2
    4. Land, einen Wald roden
    5. reinigen, säubern:
    clear one’s throat sich räuspern; air1 A 1, atmosphere 5
    6. leeren, entladen
    7. Schulden tilgen, bezahlen, bereinigen
    8. von Schulden befreien
    9. WIRTSCH
    a) einen Scheck einlösen
    b) einen Scheck etc durch ein Clearinghaus verrechnen lassen
    c) als Reingewinn erzielen
    10. frei-, lossprechen:
    clear o.s. (sb) of a crime sich (jemanden) vom Verdacht eines Verbrechens reinigen;
    clear one’s conscience sein Gewissen entlasten;
    clear one’s name seinen Namen reinwaschen
    11. clear up A 2
    12. allg abfertigen, besonders SCHIFF
    a) Waren deklarieren, verzollen
    b) das Schiff ausklarieren
    c) aus dem Hafen auslaufen
    d) die Ladung löschen
    e) von der Küste freikommen:
    clear the decks (for action) das Schiff gefechtsklar machen, fig sich bereit oder fertig machen
    13. a) ein Hindernis (glatt) nehmen, über eine Hecke etc setzen: hurdle A 1
    b) SPORT die Latte, eine Höhe überspringen
    14. (knapp oder heil) vorbeikommen an (dat):
    15. clear the ball SPORT klären
    E v/i
    1. sich klären (Wein etc), klar oder hell werden
    2. aufklaren, sich aufhellen (Wetter)
    3. oft clear away sich verziehen (Nebel etc)
    4. WIRTSCH, SCHIFF
    a) die Zollformalitäten erledigen
    b) ausklarieren, den Hafen nach Erledigung der Zollformalitäten verlassen
    5. Fußball etc: klären ( for a corner zur Ecke)
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) klar; rein [Haut, Teint]
    2) (distinct) scharf [Bild, Foto, Umriss]; deutlich [Abbild]; klar [Ton]; klar verständlich [Wort]
    3) (obvious, unambiguous) klar [Aussage, Vorteil, Vorsprung, Mehrheit, Sieg, Fall]

    make oneself clearsich deutlich od. klar [genug] ausdrücken

    make it clear [to somebody] that... — [jemandem] klar und deutlich sagen, dass...

    4) (free) frei; (Horse-riding) fehlerfrei [Runde]

    we're in the clear (free of suspicion) auf uns fällt kein Verdacht; (free of trouble) wir haben es geschafft

    three clear days/lines — drei volle od. volle drei Tage/Zeilen

    6) (open, unobstructed) frei

    keep something clear (not block) etwas frei halten

    all clear (one will not be detected) die Luft ist rein (ugs.); see also all-clear

    the way is [now] clear [for somebody] to do something — (fig.) es steht [jemandem] nichts [mehr] im Wege, etwas zu tun

    7) (discerning) klar

    keep a clear headeinen klaren od. kühlen Kopf bewahren

    8) (certain, confident)

    be clear [on or about something] — sich (Dat.) [über etwas (Akk.)] im klaren sein

    2. adverb

    keep clear of something/somebody — etwas/jemanden meiden

    ‘keep clear’ — (don't approach) "Vorsicht [Zug usw.]"

    please stand or keep clear of the door — bitte von der Tür zurücktreten

    3. transitive verb
    1) (make clear) klären [Flüssigkeit]

    clear the air — lüften; (fig.) die Atmosphäre reinigen

    2) (free from obstruction) räumen [Straße]; abräumen [Regal, Schreibtisch]; freimachen [Abfluss, Kanal]

    clear a space for somebody/something — für jemanden/etwas Platz machen

    clear one's throat — sich räuspern; see also deck 1. 1); way 1. 6)

    3) (make empty) räumen; leeren [Briefkasten]
    4) (remove) wegräumen; beheben [Verstopfung]
    5) (pass over without touching) nehmen [Hindernis]; überspringen [Latte]
    6) (show to be innocent) freisprechen
    7) (declare fit to have secret information) für unbedenklich erklären

    clear something with somebody — etwas von jemandem genehmigen lassen; (give permission for)

    clear a plane for take-off/landing — einem Flugzeug Start-/Landeerlaubnis erteilen

    10) (pay off) begleichen [Schuld]
    4. intransitive verb
    1) (become clear) klar werden; sich klären; [Wetter, Himmel:] sich aufheitern; (fig.) [Gesicht:] sich aufhellen
    2) (disperse) [Nebel:] sich verziehen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    adj.
    deutlich adj.
    eindeutig adj.
    frei adj.
    heiter adj.
    hell adj.
    klar adj.
    übersichtlich (Kurve) adj.
    übersichtlich (klar dargestellt) adj. v.
    aufhellen v.
    aufräumen v.
    klären v.
    löschen v.
    reinigen v.
    roden (Land) v.
    räumen v.

    English-german dictionary > clear

  • 14 set

    1.
    [set]transitive verb, -tt-, set
    1) (put) (horizontally) legen; (vertically) stellen

    set the proposals before the board(fig.) dem Vorstand die Vorschläge unterbreiten od. vorlegen

    set something against something(balance) etwas einer Sache (Dat.) gegenüberstellen

    2) (apply) setzen
    3) (adjust) einstellen (at auf + Akk.); aufstellen [Falle]; stellen [Uhr]

    set the alarm for 5.30 a.m. — den Wecker auf 5.30 Uhr stellen

    4)

    be set(have location of action) [Buch, Film:] spielen

    set a book/film in Australia — ein Buch/einen Film in Australien spielen lassen

    5) (specify) festlegen [Bedingungen]; festsetzen [Termin, Ort usw.] ( for auf + Akk.)

    set the interest rate at 10 % — die Zinsen auf 10 % festsetzen

    6) (bring into specified state)

    set something/things right or in order — etwas/die Dinge in Ordnung bringen

    set somebody thinking that... — jemanden auf den Gedanken bringen, dass...

    7) (put forward) stellen [Frage, Aufgabe]; aufgeben [Hausaufgabe]; vorschreiben [Textbuch, Lektüre]; (compose) zusammenstellen [Rätsel, Fragen]

    set somebody a task/problem — jemandem eine Aufgabe stellen/jemanden vor ein Problem stellen

    set [somebody/oneself] a target — [jemandem/sich] ein Ziel setzen

    8) (turn to solid) fest werden lassen
    9) (lay for meal) decken [Tisch]; auflegen [Gedeck]
    10) (establish) aufstellen [Rekord, Richtlinien]
    11) (Med.): (put into place) [ein]richten; einrenken [verrenktes Gelenk]
    12) (fix) legen [Haare]

    set eyes on somebody/something — jemanden/etwas sehen

    13) (Printing) setzen
    14)
    15)

    be set on a hill[Haus:] auf einem Hügel stehen

    2. intransitive verb,
    -tt-, set
    1) (solidify) fest werden
    2) (go down) [Sonne, Mond:] untergehen
    3. noun
    1) (group) Satz, der

    set [of two] — Paar, das

    chess set — Schachspiel, das

    2) see academic.ru/66102/service">service 1. 9)
    3) (section of society) Kreis, der
    4) (Math.) Menge, die
    5)

    set [of teeth] — Gebiss, das

    6) (radio or TV receiver) Gerät, das; Apparat, der
    7) (Tennis) Satz, der
    8) (of hair) Frisieren, das; Einlegen, das
    9) (Cinemat., film): (built-up scenery) Szenenaufbau, der; Dekoration, die
    10) (acting area for film)
    4. adjective
    1) (fixed) starr [Linie, Gewohnheit, Blick, Lächeln]; fest [Absichten, Zielvorstellungen, Zeitpunkt]

    be set in one's ways or habits — in seinen Gewohnheiten festgefahren sein

    2) (assigned for study) vorgeschrieben [Buch, Text]
    3) (according to fixed menu)

    set meal or menu — Menü, das

    4) (ready)

    be/get set for something — zu etwas bereit sein/sich zu etwas fertig machen

    be/get set to leave — bereit sein/sich fertig machen zum Aufbruch

    all set?(coll.) alles klar od. fertig?

    be all set to do something — bereit sein, etwas zu tun

    be set on something/doing something — zu etwas entschlossen sein/entschlossen sein, etwas zu tun

    be [dead] set against something — [absolut] gegen etwas sein

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    [set] 1. present participle - setting; verb
    1) (to put or place: She set the tray down on the table.) stellen, legen, setzen
    2) (to put plates, knives, forks etc on (a table) for a meal: Please would you set the table for me?) decken
    3) (to settle or arrange (a date, limit, price etc): It's difficult to set a price on a book when you don't know its value.) festlegen
    4) (to give a person (a task etc) to do: The witch set the prince three tasks; The teacher set a test for her pupils; He should set the others a good example.) stellen
    5) (to cause to start doing something: His behaviour set people talking.) veranlassen
    6) ((of the sun etc) to disappear below the horizon: It gets cooler when the sun sets.) untergehen
    7) (to become firm or solid: Has the concrete set?) festwerden
    8) (to adjust (eg a clock or its alarm) so that it is ready to perform its function: He set the alarm for 7.00 a.m.) einstellen
    9) (to arrange (hair) in waves or curls.) herrichten
    10) (to fix in the surface of something, eg jewels in a ring.) fassen
    11) (to put (broken bones) into the correct position for healing: They set his broken arm.) richten
    2. adjective
    1) (fixed or arranged previously: There is a set procedure for doing this.) das Set
    2) ((often with on) ready, intending or determined (to do something): He is set on going.)
    3) (deliberate: He had the set intention of hurting her.) wohlüberlegt
    4) (stiff; fixed: He had a set smile on his face.) starr
    5) (not changing or developing: set ideas.) fest
    6) ((with with) having something set in it: a gold ring set with diamonds.) eingefaßt
    3. noun
    1) (a group of things used or belonging together: a set of carving tools; a complete set of (the novels of) Jane Austen.) der Satz
    2) (an apparatus for receiving radio or television signals: a television/radio set.) das Gerät
    3) (a group of people: the musical set.) der Kreis
    4) (the process of setting hair: a shampoo and set.) das Legen
    5) (scenery for a play or film: There was a very impressive set in the final act.) der Szenenaufbau
    6) (a group of six or more games in tennis: She won the first set and lost the next two.) der Satz
    - setting
    - setback
    - set phrase
    - set-square
    - setting-lotion
    - set-to
    - set-up
    - all set
    - set about
    - set someone against someone
    - set against someone
    - set someone against
    - set against
    - set aside
    - set back
    - set down
    - set in
    - set off
    - set something or someone on someone
    - set on someone
    - set something or someone on
    - set on
    - set out
    - set to
    - set up
    - set up camp
    - set up house
    - set up shop
    - set upon
    * * *
    [set]
    1. pred (ready) bereit, fertig
    to be [all] \set [for sth] [für etw akk] bereit sein
    be \set to leave by 8 a.m. um 8 Uhr solltest du startklar sein
    to get \set to do sth sich akk darauf vorbereiten, etw zu tun
    ready, get \set, go! auf die Plätze, fertig, los!
    we were just getting \set to leave when... wir wollten gerade gehen, als...
    2. (fixed) pattern, time fest[gesetzt]
    \set expression [or phrase] feststehender Ausdruck
    \set meal Stammessen nt, Stammgericht nt ÖSTERR; (dish of the day) Tagesgericht nt
    \set menu Tageskarte f
    \set price Festpreis m, Fixpreis m
    at \set times zu festen Zeiten
    3. (expression of face) starr
    her face took on a \set expression ihre Miene erstarrte
    \set smile aufgesetztes Lächeln
    4. (unlikely to change)
    to have a \set idea about sth eine feste Vorstellung von etw dat haben
    to have become a \set habit zur festen Gewohnheit geworden sein
    to be \set in one's ways in seinen Gewohnheiten festgefahren sein
    5. (likely)
    Manchester United looks \set for victory es sieht ganz so aus, als würde Manchester United gewinnen
    the rain is \set to continue all week der Regen wird wohl noch die ganze Woche andauern
    6. attr, inv (assigned) number, pattern vorgegebene(r, s); subject also bestimmte(r, s)
    \set book [or text] Pflichtlektüre
    to be [dead] \set against sth [vollkommen] gegen etw akk sein
    to be [dead] \set on sth zu etw akk [wild] entschlossen sein
    II. NOUN
    1. (collection, group) of glasses, stamps etc. Satz m; (of two items) Paar nt; of clothes etc. Set nt, Garnitur f
    he's got a complete \set of Joyce's novels er hat eine Gesamtausgabe von Joyce
    box[ed] \set Box-Set nt (ein komplettes Set etwa von CDs oder Videokassetten, das in einem Schuber o.Ä. erhältlich ist)
    chemistry \set Chemiekasten m
    chess \set Schachspiel nt
    a \set of chromosomes ein Chromosomensatz m
    \set of encyclopaedias Enzyklopädiereihe f
    \set of lectures Vortragsreihe f
    \set of rules Regelwerk nt
    tea \set Teeservice nt
    \set of teeth Gebiss nt
    tool \set Werkzeugsatz m
    \set of twins Zwillingspaar nt
    2. + sing/pl vb (group of people) [Personen]kreis m, Clique f fam
    she's got in with a very arty \set sie bewegt sich neuerdings in sehr ausgewählten Künstlerkreisen
    the fashion \set die Modefreaks pl sl
    the literary \set die Literaten pl
    the smart \set die Schickeria meist pej
    3. BRIT SCH (class) Kurs f
    4. THEAT Bühnenbild nt, Bühnenausstattung f; FILM Szenenaufbau m; (film location) Drehort m
    on the \set bei den Dreharbeiten; (location) am Set
    5. (appliance) Gerät nt; (television) Fernsehgerät nt, Fernseher m; (radio) Radio[gerät] nt
    colour \set Farbfernseher m
    an electric fondue \set ein elektrisches Fonduegerät
    6. SPORT Satz m
    to win a \set einen Satz gewinnen
    7. MATH Menge f
    \set theory Mengenlehre f
    8. MUS Block m
    data \set Datensatz m; (file) Datei f
    10. TYPO (width of character) Set nt o m fachspr
    11. BOT (young plant) Setzling m; (bulb) Knolle f
    12. (coat of plaster) Feinputz m
    13. (sett) Bau m
    14. no pl of eyes, jaw Stellung f; of shoulders Haltung f
    15. no pl (hair arrangement)
    to have a shampoo and \set sich dat die Haare waschen und legen lassen
    16. no pl see mindset
    17. no pl of the current, tide Richtung f, Lauf m
    18. no pl AUS, NZ ( fam: grudge)
    to get a \set on sb [die] Wut auf jdn kriegen fam
    19. no pl HUNT Vorstehen nt fachspr
    21. no pl TECH (in metal, wood, etc.) Durchbiegung f fachspr
    22.
    to make a \set at sb BRIT sich akk an jdn ranmachen fam
    <set, set>
    to \set sb/sth somewhere jdn/etw irgendwohin stellen; (on its side) jdn/etw irgendwohin legen
    the cat \set a dead mouse in front of us die Katze legte uns eine tote Maus vor
    \set the bricks one on top of the other setze einen Klotz auf den anderen
    to \set a chair by the bed/window einen Stuhl ans Bett/Fenster stellen
    to \set sb on his/her way ( fig) jdn losschicken
    I \set her above all others für mich ist sie die Allergrößte
    2. usu passive (take place in, be located)
    to be \set somewhere:
    ‘West Side Story’ is \set in New York ‚West Side Story‘ spielt in New York
    their house is \set on a hill ihr Haus liegt auf einem Hügel
    the novel is \set in the 16th century der Roman spielt im 16. Jahrhundert
    3. (cause to be, start)
    to \set a boat afloat ein Boot zu Wasser lassen
    to \set sth on fire etw in Brand setzen
    to \set sth in motion etw in Bewegung setzen [o fig a. ins Rollen bringen]
    to \set sb doing sth jdn veranlassen [o dazu bringen], etw zu tun
    his remarks \set me thinking seine Bemerkungen gaben mir zu denken
    to \set sb loose [or free] jdn freilassen [o auf freien Fuß setzen]
    to \set sth right etw [wieder] in Ordnung bringen
    to \set sb straight jdn berichtigen
    these changes will \set the country on the road to economic recovery diese Änderungen werden das Land zum wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung führen
    the noise \set the dog barking wegen des Lärms fing der Hund an zu bellen
    to \set sth free etw freisetzen
    5. (adjust, prepare)
    to \set sth etw einstellen; (prepare) etw vorbereiten
    to \set the alarm for 7.00 a.m. den Wecker auf 07.00 Uhr stellen
    to \set a clock/watch eine Uhr/Armbanduhr stellen
    to \set the margin TYPO den Rand einstellen
    to \set the table den Tisch decken
    to \set a thermostat/timer einen Thermostat/Zeitmesser einstellen
    to \set a trap eine Falle aufstellen
    to \set sth etw festsetzen
    to \set the budget das Budget festlegen
    to \set a date/time einen Termin/eine Zeit ausmachen
    they still haven't \set a date for their wedding sie haben immer noch keinen Termin für die Hochzeit festgesetzt
    to \set a deadline for sb jdm eine Frist setzen
    to \set oneself a goal sich dat ein Ziel setzen
    to \set a limit eine Grenze setzen
    to \set a norm eine Norm festlegen
    to \set a price [on sth] einen Preis [für etw akk] festsetzen
    to \set one's teeth die Zähne zusammenbeißen
    ... she said, \setting her jaw firmly... sagte sie mit versteinerter Miene
    to \set a good example to sb jdm ein Vorbild sein
    to \set the pace das Tempo angeben [o bestimmen]
    to \set a record einen Rekord aufstellen
    8. ANAT
    to \set sth etw einrenken
    to \set a broken bone einen gebrochenen Knochen einrichten fachspr
    to \set sb's hair jdm die Haare legen
    to have one's hair \set sich dat die Haare legen lassen
    10. (adorn)
    to \set sth with sth etw mit etw dat besetzen
    a watch \set with sapphires eine mit Saphiren besetzte Uhr
    11. (insert)
    to \set sth in[to] sth etw in etw akk einlassen [o fassen]
    a bracelet with rubies \set in gold ein Armband mit in Gold gefassten Rubinen
    12. MUS
    to \set a poem/words etc. to music ein Gedicht/einen Text etc. vertonen
    13. esp BRIT, AUS (assign)
    to \set sb in charge of sth jdn mit etw dat betrauen
    to \set homework Hausaufgaben [o ÖSTERR a. eine Hausübung] aufgeben
    to \set a task for sb [or sb a task] jdm eine Aufgabe stellen
    to \set sb to work jdm Arbeit zuweisen
    14. COMPUT
    to \set sth (give variable a value) etw setzen; (define value) etw einstellen
    to \set a text einen Text setzen
    to be \set in Times Roman in Times Roman gesetzt sein
    16. (keep watch on)
    to \set a guard on sb jdn bewachen lassen
    17.
    to \set the scene [or stage] for sth (create conditions) die Bedingungen für etw akk schaffen; (facilitate) den Weg für etw akk frei machen
    the scene is \set for the summit next week die Vorbereitungen für das Gipfeltreffen nächste Woche sind unter Dach und Fach
    18. (sail)
    to \set course for sth auf etw akk Kurs nehmen
    to \set sail ( also fig) die Segel setzen
    to \set sail for/from... nach/von... losfahren
    19. (see)
    to \set eyes on sb/sth jdn/etw sehen
    20. (enter)
    to \set foot in [or on] sth etw betreten
    21. (calm)
    to \set one's mind at ease sich akk beruhigen
    22.
    to \set one's mind to [or on] sth (concentrate on) sich akk auf etw akk konzentrieren; (approach with determination) etw entschlossen angehen
    23.
    to \set the world [or the Thames] ablaze [or on fire] [or alight] die Welt aus den Angeln heben
    <set, set>
    1. (grow together) bones, limbs zusammenwachsen
    2. (become firm) concrete, jelly fest werden
    the glue has \set hard der Klebstoff ist ausgehärtet
    3. (sink) moon, sun untergehen
    4. (have a specified direction) river, stream
    to \set to the north/westwards nach Norden/Westen verlaufen
    5. HUNT dog vorstehen fachspr
    6. (become fixed) eyes verharren; features sich akk versteinern
    7. BOT Frucht ansetzen
    * * *
    (INTERNET) abbr SET m
    * * *
    set [set]
    A s
    1. Satz m (Briefmarken, Dokumente, Werkzeuge etc), (Möbel-, Toiletten- etc) Garnitur f, (Speise- etc) Service n:
    a set of agreements POL ein Vertragswerk;
    a set of colo(u)rs ein Farbensortiment n;
    a set of drills ein Satz Bohrer;
    set of values Wertanschauung f
    2. (Häuser- etc) Gruppe f, (Zimmer) Flucht f:
    a set of houses (rooms)
    3. WIRTSCH Kollektion f
    4. Sammlung f, besonders
    a) mehrbändige Ausgabe (eines Autors)
    b) (Schriften) Reihe f, (Artikel) Serie f
    5. TECH
    a) (Maschinen) Satz m, (-)Anlage f, Aggregat n
    b) RADIO etc Gerät n, Apparat m
    6. a) THEAT Bühnenausstattung f
    b) FILM Szenenaufbau m
    7. Tennis etc: Satz m
    8. MATH
    a) Zahlenreihe f
    b) Menge f
    9. set of teeth Gebiss n
    10. (Personen)Kreis m:
    a) Gesellschaft(sschicht) f, (literarische etc) Welt
    b) pej Clique f
    c) SCHULE Unterrichtsgruppe f:
    the chic set die Schickeria
    11. Sitz m, Schnitt m (von Kleidern)
    12. a) Form f
    b) Haltung f
    13. Richtung f, (Ver)Lauf m (einer Strömung etc):
    the set of public opinion der Meinungstrend
    14. fig Neigung f, Tendenz f ( beide:
    toward[s] zu)
    15. PSYCH (innere) Bereitschaft ( for zu)
    16. (Sonnen- etc) Untergang m:
    the set of day poet das Tagesende
    17. TECH Schränkung f (einer Säge)
    18. TECH setting 10
    19. ARCH Feinputz m
    20. BOT
    a) Ableger m, Setzling m
    b) Fruchtansatz m
    a) Tänzer(zahl) pl(f), -paare pl
    b) Tour f, Hauptfigur f:
    first set Quadrille f
    22. MUS Serie f, Folge f, Zyklus m
    23. JAGD Vorstehen n (des Hundes):
    a) jemanden scharf aufs Korn nehmen umg, herfallen über jemanden,
    b) es auf einen Mann abgesehen haben (Frau)
    24. JAGD (Dachs- etc) Bau m
    B adj
    1. festgesetzt (Tag etc):
    set meal Menü n
    2. a) bereit
    b) fest entschlossen (on, upon doing zu tun):
    all set startklar;
    be all set for vorbereitet oder eingestellt sein auf (akk)
    3. vorgeschrieben, festgelegt (Regeln etc):
    set books pl ( oder reading) SCHULE Pflichtlektüre f
    4. wohlüberlegt, einstudiert (Rede etc)
    5. feststehend (Redewendungen etc)
    6. fest (Meinung): purpose Bes Redew
    7. starr:
    a set face ein unbewegtes Gesicht
    8. US halsstarrig, stur
    9. konventionell, formell (Party etc)
    10. zusammengebissen (Zähne)
    11. (ein)gefasst (Edelstein)
    12. TECH eingebaut (Rohr etc)
    13. set fair beständig (auf dem Barometer)
    14. hard-set
    15. (in Zusammensetzungen) … gebaut, … gestaltet:
    well-set gut gebaut
    C v/t prät und pperf set
    1. setzen, stellen, legen:
    set the glass to one’s lips das Glas an die Lippen setzen;
    set a match to ein Streichholz halten an (akk), etwas in Brand stecken (siehe a. die Verbindungen mit anderen entsprechenden Substantiven)
    2. in einen Zustand (ver)setzen, bringen:
    set sb free jemanden auf freien Fuß setzen, jemanden freilassen; ease A 2, liberty Bes Redew, right A 5, B 5, etc
    3. veranlassen zu:
    set a party laughing eine Gesellschaft zum Lachen bringen;
    set going in Gang setzen;
    a) jemanden nachdenklich machen, jemandem zu denken geben,
    b) jemandem Denkanstöße oder einen Denkanstoß geben; roar C 1
    4. ein-, herrichten, (an)ordnen, zurechtmachen, besonders
    a) THEAT die Bühne aufbauen, (Skisport) die Strecke abstecken
    b) den Tisch decken
    c) TECH (ein)stellen, (-)richten, regulieren
    d) die Uhr, den Wecker stellen (by nach dem Radio etc):
    set the alarm (clock) for five o’clock den Wecker auf 5 Uhr stellen
    e) eine Säge schränken
    f) ein Messer abziehen, schärfen
    g) MED einen Bruch, Knochen (ein)richten
    h) das Haar legen
    5. MUS
    a) vertonen
    b) arrangieren
    6. TYPO absetzen
    7. AGR
    a) Setzlinge (an)pflanzen
    b) den Boden bepflanzen
    8. a) die Bruthenne setzen
    b) Eier unterlegen
    9. a) einen Edelstein (ein)fassen
    b) mit Edelsteinen etc besetzen
    10. eine Wache aufstellen
    11. eine Aufgabe, Frage stellen
    12. jemanden anweisen ( to do sth etwas zu tun), jemanden an eine Sache setzen
    13. a) etwas vorschreiben, bestimmen
    b) einen Zeitpunkt festlegen, -setzen, ansetzen
    c) ein Beispiel etc geben, eine Regel etc aufstellen
    d) einen Rekord aufstellen: fashion A 1, pace1 A 1
    14. einen Hund etc hetzen (on auf jemanden):
    set spies on sb jemanden bespitzeln lassen, auf jemanden Spitzel ansetzen
    15. Flüssiges fest werden lassen, Milch gerinnen lassen
    16. die Zähne zusammenbeißen
    17. den Wert bestimmen, festsetzen
    18. einen Preis aussetzen (on auf akk)
    19. Geld, sein Leben etc riskieren, aufs Spiel setzen
    20. fig legen, setzen:
    set one’s hopes on seine Hoffnung setzen auf (akk);
    the scene is set in Rome der Schauplatz oder Ort der Handlung ist Rom, das Stück etc spielt in Rom;
    the novel is set in Spain der Roman spielt in Spanien
    D v/i
    1. untergehen (Sonne etc):
    his star has set fig sein Stern ist untergegangen
    2. a) auswachsen (Körper)
    b) ausreifen (Charakter)
    3. beständig werden (Wetter etc): B 13
    4. a) fest werden (Flüssiges), erstarren (auch Gesicht, Muskel)
    b) TECH abbinden (Zement etc)
    c) gerinnen (Milch)
    d) sich absetzen (Rahm)
    5. brüten (Glucke)
    6. gut etc sitzen (Kleidungsstück)
    7. fig passen ( with zu)
    8. sich bewegen, fließen, strömen:
    the current sets to the north die Stromrichtung ist Nord
    9. wehen, kommen ( from aus, von) (Wind)
    10. sich neigen oder richten:
    opinion is setting against him die Meinung richtet sich gegen ihn
    11. BOT Frucht ansetzen (Blüte, Baum)
    12. ZOOL sich festsetzen (Austern)
    13. TECH sich verbiegen
    14. JAGD vorstehen (Hund)
    15. MED sich einrenken
    s. abk
    1. second ( seconds pl) s, Sek.
    3. see s.
    5. set
    6. HIST Br shilling ( shillings pl)
    7. sign
    8. signed gez.
    9. singular Sg.
    10. son
    * * *
    1.
    [set]transitive verb, -tt-, set

    set the proposals before the board(fig.) dem Vorstand die Vorschläge unterbreiten od. vorlegen

    set something against something (balance) etwas einer Sache (Dat.) gegenüberstellen

    2) (apply) setzen
    3) (adjust) einstellen (at auf + Akk.); aufstellen [Falle]; stellen [Uhr]

    set the alarm for 5.30 a.m. — den Wecker auf 5.30 Uhr stellen

    4)

    be set (have location of action) [Buch, Film:] spielen

    set a book/film in Australia — ein Buch/einen Film in Australien spielen lassen

    5) (specify) festlegen [Bedingungen]; festsetzen [Termin, Ort usw.] ( for auf + Akk.)

    set the interest rate at 10 % — die Zinsen auf 10 % festsetzen

    set something/things right or in order — etwas/die Dinge in Ordnung bringen

    set somebody thinking that... — jemanden auf den Gedanken bringen, dass...

    7) (put forward) stellen [Frage, Aufgabe]; aufgeben [Hausaufgabe]; vorschreiben [Textbuch, Lektüre]; (compose) zusammenstellen [Rätsel, Fragen]

    set somebody a task/problem — jemandem eine Aufgabe stellen/jemanden vor ein Problem stellen

    set [somebody/oneself] a target — [jemandem/sich] ein Ziel setzen

    8) (turn to solid) fest werden lassen
    9) (lay for meal) decken [Tisch]; auflegen [Gedeck]
    10) (establish) aufstellen [Rekord, Richtlinien]
    11) (Med.): (put into place) [ein]richten; einrenken [verrenktes Gelenk]
    12) (fix) legen [Haare]

    set eyes on somebody/something — jemanden/etwas sehen

    13) (Printing) setzen
    14)
    15)

    be set on a hill[Haus:] auf einem Hügel stehen

    2. intransitive verb,
    -tt-, set
    1) (solidify) fest werden
    2) (go down) [Sonne, Mond:] untergehen
    3. noun
    1) (group) Satz, der

    set [of two] — Paar, das

    chess set — Schachspiel, das

    2) see service 1. 9)
    3) (section of society) Kreis, der
    4) (Math.) Menge, die
    5)

    set [of teeth] — Gebiss, das

    6) (radio or TV receiver) Gerät, das; Apparat, der
    7) (Tennis) Satz, der
    8) (of hair) Frisieren, das; Einlegen, das
    9) (Cinemat., film): (built-up scenery) Szenenaufbau, der; Dekoration, die
    4. adjective
    1) (fixed) starr [Linie, Gewohnheit, Blick, Lächeln]; fest [Absichten, Zielvorstellungen, Zeitpunkt]

    be set in one's ways or habits — in seinen Gewohnheiten festgefahren sein

    2) (assigned for study) vorgeschrieben [Buch, Text]

    set meal or menu — Menü, das

    be/get set for something — zu etwas bereit sein/sich zu etwas fertig machen

    be/get set to leave — bereit sein/sich fertig machen zum Aufbruch

    all set?(coll.) alles klar od. fertig?

    be all set to do something — bereit sein, etwas zu tun

    be set on something/doing something — zu etwas entschlossen sein/entschlossen sein, etwas zu tun

    be [dead] set against something — [absolut] gegen etwas sein

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (sport) n.
    Satz ¨-e m. adj.
    festgelegt adj.
    festgesetzt adj. n.
    Garnitur -en f.
    Menge -n (Mathematik) f.
    Reihe -n f.
    Zusammenstellung f. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: set)
    = aufstellen v.
    einstellen v.
    erstarren v.
    fest werden ausdr.
    festlegen v.
    festsetzen v.
    legen v.
    setzen v.
    stellen v.
    veranlassen v.

    English-german dictionary > set

  • 15 roll

    крен; угол крена; вращение вокруг продольной оси; ( послепосадочный) пробег; разбег; бочка ( фигура высшего пилотажа) ; ( полный) оборот ( вокруг продольной оси) ; создавать крен или угол крена; совершать движение вокруг продольной оси; вращать(ся) вокруг продольной оси; совершать пробег ( по земле) ; катиться; выполнять бочку или маневр с вращением вокруг продольной оси

    1/2 roll and 1/2 diving loop — одинарный переворот, полубочка с нисходящей полупетлей

    1/2 roll and 1/2 loop — полубочка с полупстлей

    1/2 roll off the top — полубочка в верхней точке петли, половина петли с полубочкой (с выходом в нормальный полет) АВ

    1/2 roll — полубочка, одинарный переворот через крыло

    45° ascending slow roll — восходящая управляемая [замедленная] бочка под углом 45°, управляемая бочка на горке с углом 45°

    45° climbing roll — восходящая бочка под углом 45° к горизонту

    45° descending flick roll — штопорная [быстрая] бочка на снижении под углом 45°, нисходящая штопорная бочка под углом 45°

    45° diving roll — нисходящая бочка под углом 45°

    90° climbing roll — бочка на восходящей вертикали

    90° diving roll — бочка на нисходящей вертикали, бочка в отвесном пикировании

    flat pass and victory roll — пролет на постоянной высоте и групповая «бочка победы» (шестёрки самолётов) в строю «клин»

    half roll «on a point» — полубочка с ориентированием (оси самолёта) на выбранную точку

    half roll and split-S — переворот через крыло, полубочка с половиной (нисходящей) петли

    half roll into an inverted climb — полубочка, переходящая в набор высоты в перевёрнутом положении

    half roll to level flight — полубочка для вывода [выхода] в горизонтальный полет

    horizontal circle slow roll — медленная [управляемая] бочка при выполнении петли в горизонтальной плоскости или разворота на 360° в горизонтальной плоскости

    inverted half-loop and half roll — обратная восходящая полупетля с полубочкой (с выходом в перевёрнутый полет)

    inverted snap roll from inverted flight — штопорная [быстрая] перевёрнутая [обратная] бочка из перевёрнутого положения

    one roll to the right — один оборот вправо (при выполнении бочки); одинарная бочка вправо

    place (the aircraft) in a roll — вводить (ЛА) в крен, создавать крен

    roll back to arrowhead — бочки, выполняемые крайними самолётами четвёрки с перестроением из строя «ромб» в строй «наконечник стрелы»

    roll back toward level — выводить из крена; уменьшать крен

    roll in horizontal circle to the other side of the turn — бочка на горизонтальном вираже с вращением в сторону, противоположную виражу

    roll into a 20-degree angle of bank to the left — накреняться на угол 20° влево

    roll off a loop — полубочка по завершении полупетли, полупетля с переворотом

    roll off the production line — сходить со сборочной линии, выходить из стен завода

    roll out of the bank — выводить (ЛА) из крена [из виража]

    roll out on final (approach) — разворачиваться [выходить] на конечную прямую (при заходе на посадку)

    slow roll in horizontal circle to the other side of the turn — медленная бочка при развороте на 360° в горизонтальной плоскости с вращением в сторону, противоположную развороту

    slow roll in horizontal circle to the same side of the turn — медленная бочка при развороте на 360° в горизонтальной плоскости с вращением в сторону разворота

    slow roll in horizontal circle — медленная [управляемая] бочка при развороте на 360° в горизонтальной плоскости

    solo 4-point breakaway rolls — раздельно выполняемые двумя самолётами бочки с фиксацией в четырёх точках с расхождением и сближением самолётов

    solo opposing aileron rolls — скоростные бочки, выполняемые двумя самолётами на встречно-параллельных курсах

    vertical circle slow roll — медленная [управляемая] бочка при выполнении петли

    Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > roll

  • 16 moral

    ˈmɔrəl
    1. сущ.
    1) мораль, назидание, наставление, поучение moral of/to the fable ≈ мораль басни to draw the moralизвлекать мораль, урок Syn: lesson, precept
    2) мн. нравы;
    нравственность;
    моральные устои public moral s ≈ общественная мораль a person of loose moralsморально неустойчивая личность to corrupt smb.'s moral ≈ разлагать кого-л. to protect, safeguard( public) moral ≈ охранять( общественные) нравы lax moral, loose moralраспущенность strict moral ≈ строгие нравы
    3) мн. этика
    2. прил.
    1) а) моральный, нравственный;
    этический moral fibreморальная устойчивость moral code ≈ нравственные нормы moral philosophy ≈ этика б) духовный;
    внутренний, душевный moral victory ≈ моральная победа moral supportморальная поддержка moral certaintyвнутренняя уверенность;
    отсутствие сомнения Syn: ethical
    2) высоконравственный, добродетельный;
    порядочный;
    благопристойный She is an extremely moral woman. ≈ Она чрезвычайно высоконравственная женщина. moral life ≈ добродетельная жизнь Syn: decent, righteous, self-righteous, virtuous
    3) менторский, наставительный, нравоучительный ∙ Ant: unethical, amoral, immoral мораль, поучение, нравоучение - a story with a * рассказ с моралью, нравоучительный рассказ - the * of the fable мораль басни - to draw the * (of an experience) извлекать мораль /урок/ (из происшедшего) - to point a * поучать pl нравы;
    нравственность;
    нравственный облик;
    правила, нормы нравственного поведения - bourgeois *s нравы буржуазного общества, буржуазная мораль - a man of good *s высоконравственный /порядочный/ человек, человек высокой морали - a man of loose *s распущенный человек - a man without *s безнравственный /аморальный/ человек (редкое) моральное состояние, боевой дух( войск) моральный, нравственный;
    этический - * standards моральные нормы - * question вопрос этики - the * sense умение дать правильную моральную оценку поступку и т. п. - * philosophy этика - I have no * right to do it я не имею морального права сделать это - it is not a criminal or * offence это не уголовное преступление и не преступление против морали (высоко) нравственный;
    добродетельный - a * person высоконравственный /добродетельный/ человек - a * life добродетельная жизнь - he is characterised by complete * honesty он кристально честный человек этичный, вежливый - * act этичный поступок духовный, моральный - a * victory моральная победа - * ascendancy( over the enemy) моральное превосходство (над противником) - tpo give smb. * support оказать кому-л. моральную поддержку внутренний, духовный - * courage духовные силы, сила духа - he had the * courage to refuse у него хватило силы духа отказать - * virtues внутренние /душевные/ качества, добродетели - a * certainty внутренняя уверенность;
    отсутствие сомнения - it is a * certainty that he will win он почти наверняка победит нравоучительный, наставительный - * book нравоучительная книга - * play (устаревшее) (театроведение) (историческое) моралите ~ поучение, мораль;
    to draw the moral извлекать мораль, урок moral добродетельный, высоконравственный;
    moral life добродетельная жизнь ~ духовный;
    внутренний;
    moral certainty внутренняя уверенность;
    отсутствие сомнения ~ мораль ~ моральный, нравственный;
    этический;
    духовный;
    moral code нравственные нормы;
    moral philosophy этика ~ моральный ~ нравоучительный ~ нравственный ~ pl нравы;
    нравственность;
    моральное состояние ~ поучение, мораль;
    to draw the moral извлекать мораль, урок ~ pl этика;
    the very moral (of smb.) разг. точная копия, вылитый портрет( кого-л.) ~ этический ~ духовный;
    внутренний;
    moral certainty внутренняя уверенность;
    отсутствие сомнения ~ моральный, нравственный;
    этический;
    духовный;
    moral code нравственные нормы;
    moral philosophy этика moral добродетельный, высоконравственный;
    moral life добродетельная жизнь ~ моральный, нравственный;
    этический;
    духовный;
    moral code нравственные нормы;
    moral philosophy этика philosophy: moral ~ этика ~ pl этика;
    the very moral (of smb.) разг. точная копия, вылитый портрет ( кого-л.)

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > moral

  • 17 achieve

    ə' i:v
    (to gain or reach successfully: He has achieved his ambition.) conseguir, lograr
    achieve vb conseguir / lograr
    tr[ə'ʧiːv]
    1 (finish) realizar, llevar a cabo
    2 (attain) lograr, conseguir
    achieve [ə'ʧi:v] vt, achieved ; achieving : lograr, alcanzar, conseguir, realizar
    v.
    acabar v.
    alcanzar v.
    ejecutar v.
    llevar a cabo v.
    lograr v.
    realizar v.
    ə'tʃiːv
    a) ( accomplish) lograr
    b) ( attain) \<\<success/victory\>\> conseguir*, obtener*; \<\<aim\>\> lograr, conseguir*, alcanzar*; \<\<ambition\>\> hacer* realidad
    [ǝ'tʃiːv]
    1.
    VT (=reach) conseguir, alcanzar; (=complete) llevar a cabo; (=accomplish) realizar

    what do you hope to achieve by that? — ¿qué esperas lograr con eso?

    2.
    VI (=be successful) avanzar, hacer progresos
    * * *
    [ə'tʃiːv]
    a) ( accomplish) lograr
    b) ( attain) \<\<success/victory\>\> conseguir*, obtener*; \<\<aim\>\> lograr, conseguir*, alcanzar*; \<\<ambition\>\> hacer* realidad

    English-spanish dictionary > achieve

  • 18 resounding

    1) (loud: resounding cheers.) sonoro; clamoroso, resonante
    2) (very great; complete: a resounding victory/success.) sonado, clamoroso
    tr[rɪ'zaʊndɪŋ]
    1 retumbante
    2 figurative use rotundo,-a
    resounding [ri'zaʊndɪŋ] adj
    1) resonant: retumbante, resonante
    2) absolute, categorical: rotundo, tremendo
    a resounding success: un éxito rotundo
    adj.
    resonante adj.
    rimbombante adj.
    sonoro, -a adj.
    n.
    retumbo s.m.
    rɪ'zaʊndɪŋ
    adjective (before n)
    a) <cheers/explosion> retumbante, resonante
    b) <success/failure> rotundo
    [rɪ'zaʊndɪŋ]
    ADJ [noise] sonoro; [victory, success] resonante; [failure] estrepitoso
    * * *
    [rɪ'zaʊndɪŋ]
    adjective (before n)
    a) <cheers/explosion> retumbante, resonante
    b) <success/failure> rotundo

    English-spanish dictionary > resounding

  • 19 claim

    1. transitive verb
    1) (demand as one's due property) Anspruch erheben auf (+ Akk.), beanspruchen [Thron, Gebiete]; fordern [Lohnerhöhung, Schadenersatz]; beantragen [Arbeitslosenunterstützung, Sozialhilfe usw.]; abholen [Fundsache]

    claim one's luggage — sein Gepäck [ab]holen

    2) (represent oneself as having) für sich beanspruchen, in Anspruch nehmen [Sieg]
    3) (profess, contend) behaupten
    4) (result in loss of) fordern [Opfer, Menschenleben]
    2. intransitive verb
    1) (Insurance) Ansprüche geltend machen
    2) (for costs)

    claim for damages/expenses — Schadenersatz fordern/sich (Dat.) Auslagen rückerstatten lassen

    3. noun
    1) Anspruch, der (to auf + Akk.)

    lay claim to somethingauf etwas (Akk.) Anspruch erheben

    3) (pay claim) Forderung, die ( for nach)
    4)

    claim [for expenses] — Spesenabrechnung, die ( for über + Akk.)

    claim for damages — Schadenersatzforderung, die

    5)

    stake a claim to something(fig.) ein Anrecht auf etwas (Akk.) anmelden

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/85370/claim_back">claim back
    * * *
    [kleim] 1. verb
    1) (to say that something is a fact: He claims to be the best runner in the class.) behaupten
    2) (to demand as a right: You must claim your money back if the goods are damaged.) fordern
    3) (to state that one is the owner of: Does anyone claim this book?) beanspruchen
    2. noun
    1) (a statement (that something is a fact): Her claim that she was the millionaire's daughter was disproved.) die Behauptung
    2) ((a demand for) a payment of compensation etc: a claim for damages against her employer.) die (Zahlungs-)Forderung
    3) (a demand for something which (one says) one owns or has a right to: a rightful claim to the money.) der Anspruch
    * * *
    [kleɪm]
    I. n
    1. (assertion) Behauptung f
    a \claim to fame ein Anspruch m auf Ruhm
    to make \claims to be sth/[that]... behaupten, etw zu sein/[dass]...
    to make wild \claims about sth über etw akk wilde Behauptungen aufstellen
    to substantiate a \claim eine Behauptung untermauern
    to support a \claim (in argument) eine Behauptung stützen; (in legal affairs) einen Anspruch begründen
    2. (demand for money) Forderung f; (in insurance) Versicherungsfall m
    to make a \claim on one's insurance bei der Versicherung einen Schadensanspruch geltend machen
    to pay a \claim einen Schaden bezahlen
    to put in a \claim [for sth] [für etw akk] Schadenersatz beantragen
    to submit a \claim for sth für etw akk eine Auslagenerstattung einreichen
    3. (right) Anspruch m, Anrecht nt (to auf + akk)
    legal \claim Rechtsanspruch m
    to have a/no \claim to sth auf etw akk Anspruch/keinen Anspruch haben
    to have no \claims on sb jdm gegenüber keine Ansprüche haben
    to lay \claim to sth auf etw akk Anspruch erheben
    \claim to recourse Rückgriffsanspruch m
    4. ECON (insurance event) Schadensfall m; (insurance right) Versicherungsanspruch m, Anspruch m auf Versicherungsleistung
    to settle a \claim eine Forderung regulieren
    5. LAW (law suit) Klage f; (assertion of right) Klagebegehren nt
    particulars of \claim Klagebegründung f
    \claim barred by procedural requirements die Klage ist unzulässig
    \claim barred by res judicata die Rechtskraft steht der Klage entgegen
    \claim barred by the statute of limitations der Anspruch ist verjährt
    6. LAW (legal matter)
    small \claim Bagatellsache f
    small \claims court Gericht, das für Geldansprüche bis zu einer bestimmten Höhe zuständig ist
    7. (patent)
    [statement of] \claim [Patent]anspruch m
    8. MIN
    [mining] \claim Claim nt
    to stake a \claim ein Claim abstecken
    II. vt
    1. (assert)
    both contestants \claimed victory after the race nach dem Rennen erhoben beide Wettbewerbsteilnehmer Anspruch auf den ersten Platz
    her new novel is \claimed to be her best yet ihr neuester Roman soll ihr bisher bester sein
    the club \claims over 100 members der Verein führt über 100 Mitglieder
    to \claim responsibility die Verantwortung übernehmen
    to \claim [that]... behaupten, dass...
    2. (declare ownership)
    to \claim sth auf etw akk Anspruch erheben
    to \claim diplomatic immunity sich akk auf diplomatische Immunität berufen
    to \claim one's luggage sein Gepäck abholen
    to \claim ownership of sth Besitzanspruch auf etw akk erheben
    to \claim the throne den Thron beanspruchen
    3. (require)
    to \claim sb's attention/a lot of time jds Aufmerksamkeit/viel Zeit in Anspruch nehmen
    4. (demand in writing)
    to \claim sth etw beantragen
    to \claim damages/a refund Schadenersatz/eine Rückerstattung fordern
    to \claim one's money back BRIT sein Geld zurückverlangen
    5. (cause death)
    to \claim thousands of lives Tausende von Leben fordern
    6. LAW (state grievance)
    to \claim sth wegen einer S. gen klagen
    7. (sl)
    to \claim sb (attack) jdn angreifen; (arrest) jdn verhaften
    8.
    to \claim the moral high ground die Moral für sich akk beanspruchen
    III. vi seine Ansprüche/seinen Anspruch geltend machen
    to \claim for sth etw fordern
    to \claim on the insurance Schadenersatz bei der Versicherung beantragen
    * * *
    [kleɪm]
    1. vt
    1) (= demand as one's own or due) Anspruch m erheben auf (+acc); social security, benefits, sum of money (= apply for) beantragen; (= draw) beanspruchen; lost property abholen

    he claimed diplomatic immunityer berief sich auf seine diplomatische Immunität

    to claim sth as one's own — etw für sich beanspruchen, Anspruch auf etw (acc) erheben

    the fighting claimed many lives —

    2) (= profess, assert) behaupten

    he claims to have seen you — er behauptet, Sie gesehen zu haben, er will Sie gesehen haben

    the club can claim a membership of... — der Verein kann... Mitglieder vorweisen

    the advantages claimed for this technique — die Vorzüge, die man dieser Methode zuschreibt

    3) one's attention, interest in Anspruch nehmen
    2. vi
    1) (INSUR) Ansprüche geltend machen; (for damage done by people) Schadenersatz m verlangen
    2)

    (for expenses etc) to claim for sth — sich (dat) etw zurückgeben or -zahlen lassen

    you can claim for your travelling expensesSie können sich (dat) Ihre Reisekosten zurückerstatten lassen

    3. n
    1) (= demand) Anspruch m; (= pay claim, IND) Forderung f

    his claim to the throne/title/property etc — sein Anspruch auf den Thron/Titel/das Grundstück etc

    my claim to fame is that... — mein Anspruch auf Ruhm begründet sich darauf, dass...

    you have no claim on medu hast keine Ansprüche an mich (zu stellen)

    children have first claim on their parentsdie Kinder müssen an erster Stelle stehen, die Kinder müssen vorgehen

    to put in a claim (for sth) — etw beantragen; (Insur) Ansprüche geltend machen

    he put in an expenses claim for £100 — er reichte Spesen in Höhe von £ 100 ein

    2) (= assertion) Behauptung f

    to make a claim —

    have you heard his claim? — haben Sie gehört, was er behauptet?

    the exaggerated claims made for the new washing powder — die übertriebenen Eigenschaften, die man diesem neuen Waschpulver zuschreibt

    I make no claim to be a geniusich erhebe nicht den Anspruch, ein Genie zu sein

    See:
    stake
    * * *
    claim [kleım]
    A v/t
    1. fordern, beanspruchen, verlangen, geltend machen, Anspruch erheben auf (akk):
    claim compensation Ersatz fordern;
    claim back zurückfordern
    2. fig Aufmerksamkeit etc in Anspruch nehmen, (er)fordern
    3. fig (Todes)Opfer, Menschenleben fordern:
    4. a) behaupten ( sth etwas; that dass)
    b) (von sich) behaupten ( to be zu sein), für sich in Anspruch nehmen, Anspruch erheben auf (akk)
    c) aufweisen (können), haben
    d) sich bekennen zu, die Verantwortung für einen Terroranschlag etc übernehmen
    5. zurück-, einfordern, (als sein Eigentum) abholen
    B v/i claim against Klage erheben gegen
    C s
    1. Anspruch m, Forderung f (on, against gegen):
    lay claim to A 1, A 4 b;
    make a claim eine Forderung erheben oder geltend machen;
    make (many) claims (up)on fig jemanden, jemandes Zeit (stark) in Anspruch nehmen
    2. a) (Rechts) Anspruch m, Anrecht n ( beide:
    to, [up]on auf akk, gegen):
    claim for damages Schadensersatzanspruch;
    claim to power Machtanspruch;
    put in ( oder enter) a claim eine Forderung erheben, einen Anspruch geltend machen; hegemony
    b) (Zahlungs) Forderung f
    c) (Patent) Anspruch m
    3. Behauptung f, Anspruch m:
    make no claim to be complete keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit erheben
    4. US
    b) Claim m (Anteil an einem Goldgräberunternehmen)
    5. Bergbau: Mutung f, Grubenanteil m
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (demand as one's due property) Anspruch erheben auf (+ Akk.), beanspruchen [Thron, Gebiete]; fordern [Lohnerhöhung, Schadenersatz]; beantragen [Arbeitslosenunterstützung, Sozialhilfe usw.]; abholen [Fundsache]

    claim one's luggage — sein Gepäck [ab]holen

    2) (represent oneself as having) für sich beanspruchen, in Anspruch nehmen [Sieg]
    3) (profess, contend) behaupten
    4) (result in loss of) fordern [Opfer, Menschenleben]
    2. intransitive verb
    1) (Insurance) Ansprüche geltend machen

    claim for damages/expenses — Schadenersatz fordern/sich (Dat.) Auslagen rückerstatten lassen

    3. noun
    1) Anspruch, der (to auf + Akk.)

    lay claim to somethingauf etwas (Akk.) Anspruch erheben

    3) (pay claim) Forderung, die ( for nach)
    4)

    claim [for expenses] — Spesenabrechnung, die ( for über + Akk.)

    claim for damages — Schadenersatzforderung, die

    5)

    stake a claim to something(fig.) ein Anrecht auf etwas (Akk.) anmelden

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Anrecht -e n.
    Forderung f.
    Recht -e n. v.
    anmaßen v.
    beanspruchen v.
    behaupten v.
    fordern v.

    English-german dictionary > claim

  • 20 hollow

    1. adjective
    1) (not solid) hohl; Hohl[ziegel, -mauer, -zylinder, -kugel]
    2) (sunken) eingefallen [Wangen, Schläfen]; hohl, tief liegend [Augen]
    3) (echoing) hohl [Ton, Klang]
    4) (fig.): (empty) wertlos
    5) (fig.): (cynical) verlogen; leer [Versprechen]; gequält [Lachen]
    2. noun
    [Boden]senke, die; [Boden]vertiefung, die
    3. adverb

    beat somebody hollow(coll.) jemanden um Längen schlagen (ugs.)

    4. transitive verb

    hollow out — aushöhlen; graben [Höhle]

    * * *
    ['holəu] 1. adjective
    1) (having an empty space in it: a hollow tree; Bottles, pipes and tubes are hollow.) hohl
    2) ((of a sound) strangely deep, as if made in something hollow: a hollow voice.) hohl
    2. noun
    1) (something hollow: hollows in her cheeks.) die Höhle
    2) (a small valley; a dip in the ground: You can't see the farm from here because it's in a hollow.) die Vertiefung
    - academic.ru/35238/hollowness">hollowness
    - beat hollow
    - hollow out
    * * *
    hol·low
    [ˈhɒləʊ, AM ˈhɑ:loʊ]
    I. adj
    1. (empty) hohl
    2. (sunken) hohl
    \hollow cheeks eingefallene Wangen
    3. (sound) hohl, dumpf
    4. ( pej: false) wertlos
    there's a rather \hollow ring to her profession of complete contentment ihre Behauptung, sie sei vollkommen zufrieden, kommt nicht sehr überzeugend rüber fam
    \hollow laughter ungläubiges Gelächter
    \hollow promise leeres Versprechen
    5. ( pej: insignificant) unbedeutend
    \hollow victory schaler Sieg
    6.
    to beat sb \hollow jdn haushoch schlagen
    to have \hollow legs BRIT ( hum) wie ein Scheunendrescher fressen sl
    II. n
    1. (hole) Senke f, SCHWEIZ a. Grube f
    2. AM (valley) Tal nt
    3.
    to have sb in the \hollow of one's hand jdn [fest] in der Hand haben
    III. adv
    1. (empty) hohl
    to feel \hollow [inside] sich [o hohl] leer akk fühlen
    2. (hungry)
    to feel \hollow inside ein Loch im Bauch haben fam
    to sound \hollow hohl klingen
    IV. vt
    to \hollow sth etw aushöhlen
    * * *
    ['hɒləʊ]
    1. adj
    1) hohl; (= concave) surface, cheeks hohl, eingefallen; eyes tief liegend; (= empty) feeling hohl, leer;
    2) (= meaningless) gesture, threat, sham, words, promise leer; victory geschenkt; (= insincere) person unaufrichtig; laugh hohl; (= forced) gequält

    to sound hollow, to have a hollow ring (to it) (fig)

    3) sound hohl, dumpf; voice hohl

    with a (deep,) hollow voice — mit Grabesstimme

    2. n
    1) (= cavity) Höhlung f; (in larger structure) Hohlraum m
    2) (= depression) Vertiefung f; (= small valley) (Boden)senke f

    a wooded hollow —

    3. adv (Brit)

    to beat sb hollow (inf) — jdn haushoch schlagen, jdn fertigmachen (inf)

    * * *
    hollow [ˈhɒləʊ; US ˈhɑləʊ]
    A s
    1. Höhle f, (Aus)Höhlung f, Hohlraum m:
    hollow of the hand hohle Hand;
    have sb in the hollow of one’s hand jemanden völlig in seiner Gewalt haben;
    hollow of the knee Kniekehle f
    2. Mulde f, Senke f, Vertiefung f
    3. TECH
    a) Hohlkehle f
    b) Gussblase f
    B adj (adv hollowly)
    1. hohl, Hohl…:
    beat sb hollow Br umg jemanden haushoch schlagen, SPORT auch jemanden überfahren oder vernaschen;
    he’s got hollow legs ( oder a hollow leg) umg der kann essen, so viel er will, und wird nicht dick
    2. hohl, dumpf (Klang, Stimme etc)
    3. fig
    a) hohl, leer
    b) falsch, unaufrichtig: ring2 A 5
    4. wertlos (Sieg)
    5. hohl:
    a) eingefallen (Wangen)
    b) tief liegend (Augen)
    6. leer, hungrig:
    feel hollow Hunger haben
    C adv hohl (auch fig):
    a) hohl klingen (Versprechen etc),
    b) unglaubwürdig klingen (Protest etc)
    D v/t: oft hollow out
    1. aushöhlen
    2. TECH (aus)kehlen, ausstemmen, hohlbohren
    E v/i oft hollow out hohl werden
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (not solid) hohl; Hohl[ziegel, -mauer, -zylinder, -kugel]
    2) (sunken) eingefallen [Wangen, Schläfen]; hohl, tief liegend [Augen]
    3) (echoing) hohl [Ton, Klang]
    4) (fig.): (empty) wertlos
    5) (fig.): (cynical) verlogen; leer [Versprechen]; gequält [Lachen]
    2. noun
    [Boden]senke, die; [Boden]vertiefung, die
    3. adverb

    beat somebody hollow(coll.) jemanden um Längen schlagen (ugs.)

    4. transitive verb

    hollow out — aushöhlen; graben [Höhle]

    * * *
    adj.
    hohl adj. n.
    Aushöhlung f.
    Hohlraum -¨e m.
    Höhle -n f.
    Höhlung -en f.

    English-german dictionary > hollow

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